Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Cuminum cyminum (Cumin) seed Extract
Lubna Abdulazeem1, Mohammad J. AL Jassani2*, Mustafa A. Al-Sheakh2
1DNA Research Center, University of Babylon, Iraq.
2Department of Microbiology, College of Science, AL-Karkh University of Science, Iraq.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: pcr2000@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
Silver nanoparticles are extensive, applied in different fields. Green methods using plants have been used as renewable resources for the synthesis of biodegraded nanomaterials, thereby providing economic and safe synthesis routes. The green synthesis was done using the aqueous Cumin seed extract and as a bio-reducer agent and aqueous AgNO3 solution as a precursor under various conditions. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by the observation of the shift in color from colorless to dark brown. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV/V is spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Also, the synthesized AgNPs were evaluated for their antioxidant activity (In-vitro) by DPPH assay. The bio-reduced mixture showed a maximum peak at around 388nm. The XRD peaks were observed at 38o and 46o, corresponding to 111, 200, 220, and 311, and the peak widening suggested a smaller particle size. The FTIR absorption spectra indicated the presence of residual plant extract as a reducing agent in the reaction mixture. Also, analysis of C. cyminum seed extract strongly suggested the presence of OH stretching in alcoholic and phenolic compounds as the main phytochemicals parts, which is supported by a strong peak at approximately 3296cm−1. The SEM images clearly showed that AgNPs were almost spherical in shape and 48.7nm in size. The synthesized AgNPs showed almost the same pattern of ascorbic acid-free radical scavenging activity except at concentrations 100 and 50µg/ml with significant differences (P≤0.05) and it is dose-dependent. Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized on a large scale following a simple and eco-friendly method using C. cyminum seed extract that can be used as an effective antioxidant.
KEYWORDS: Cuminum cyminum, AgNPs, DPPH.
INTRODUCTION:
Nanoparticles have been used in many applications such as the pharmaceutical industry specialized in treating cancerous diseases, anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant agents. In addition to its use in other fields, such as nourishment, farming, fabric industries handling, make-ups, lotion, and anti-larvae agents3-12. Chemical methods consume money and time, also causing toxicity at the cellular and genetic levels13,14. At this time, Scientists have attracted methods safer than chemical methods by synthesis nanoparticles using bacteria, fungi, and yeasts15,16. The use of microorganisms in nanoparticle synthesis is a major challenge, especially at the industrial level17, Plants have been used as bio-production sources for nanoparticles, providing clean and contaminated-free products to AgNPs18-21. Biologic approaches to nanoparticle synthesis have been expanded in recent years. Specific methods have been used for the manufacture of nanomaterials of a particular size and shape which have been previously prepared from plant substances including cardamom.22, Lemon23, Nigella sativa24, Azadirachta indica25 Myristica fragrans26, Piper nigrum27, Fenugreek seed28, Syzygium aromaticum29, Rheum30, etc.
The spices are prepared as a well base for nanoparticle production as they are free from toxic chemicals as well as offer natural sources of coverage.
Cuminum cyminum (Cumin) is classified as the Apiaceae family, and it is one of the old cultured medical plants in Asia, Africa, and Europe31. Cumin contains many active substances like polyphenols, cumin aldehyde, sabinene, and myrcene, and it has been used to treat stomach pain, an anti-cramping, diarrhea, a diuretic, dyspepsia, jaundice, antimicrobial, and anticancer32-43.
Silver nanoparticle antioxidant capability has been used in many fields. Oxidative stress, caused by free radicals, is the result of metabolic reactions that use oxygen and disturbance to the balance of pro-oxidant antioxidant reactions in living organisms44.
This study aimed to use cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seeds extract as a source to obtain silver Nanoparticle Because the seeds of cumin contain aromatic scents, were expected to be in control for the conversion of silver ions to silver Nanoparticle45. Moreover, silver Nanoparticle was categorized according to UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and SEM, then the antioxidant action of silver nanoparticles was evaluated by DPPH.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Seeds Extraction:
Five grams of fresh cumin seeds were weighed and 50 ml of distilled water was added, the mixture was heated at 60°C for 15 minutes and then filtered to collect the extract that was stored at 4°C. The seeds extract was used to produce silver nanoparticles (AgO) by converting silver ions (Ag+).
Use AgNO3 to initialize the precursors:
To prepare the precursors, 3.34mg from the salt of AgNO₃ added to 30ml of distilled water to get an aqueous suspension solution of 1mM of AgNO₃, which was mixed in a magnetic stirrer for 15min and used for the silver nanoparticles production.
The production of Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles were produced by adding the extract of cumin seeds to the AgNO3 aqueous solution in a 1:1 ratio. The mixture was stirred for an hour on a magnetic stirrer at 80°C. When the color of the mixture changed to dark brown, this is evidence of the reduction of Ag+ ions to AgNPs (Fig 1). Lastly, the mixture was centrifuged at 5,000rpm for 20 min, the pellets were dried at 65°C for 20 min which resembles the substrate.
Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles:
The stability of the product and the shape of silver nanoparticles in an aqueous mixture are examined by UV-Vis Spectroscopy46. The X-ray diffractometer was used to characterize silver nanoparticles that synthesized from Cuminum cyminum seeds extract which it became dry; the XRD form suggests that silver nanoparticles have crystalline nature47. The chemical composition of the synthesized silver nanoparticles has been determined by the FTIR spectrometer. FTIR was used to identify the active substances existent in the extract that are essential for the production of silver nanoparticles48. Scanning electron microscopy of the obtained samples of seed extract was performed to distinguish the dimension and form of the AgNPs. The specimens were dropping on a foil to prepare a thin layer. The extra solution was placed in an oven at 80°C49.
DPPH radical assay:
The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl,2-picryl-hydrazil) free radical scavenging according to the procedure described by50 to the determined activity of silver nanoparticles synthesis from Cumin seed extract. Different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50. and 100μg/ml) of silver nanoparticles are used. The radical scavenging behavior of samples against the stable DPPH radical was spectrophotometrically calculated using the ELISA reader. The colorimetric transition (from deep-violet to light-yellow) when the DPPH reduction was tested at 517nm. (Fig. 1). Ascorbic acid has been used as a positive control (as a reference). The inhibition percentage has been calculated by the following equation:
(Absorbance of-ve control –Absorbance of sample)
Inhibition% =---------------------------------------------------------- X 100
Absorbance of –ve control
Description of the synthesized silver nanoparticles:
AgNPs were produced from a mixture of an aqueous solution of AgNO3 and cumin seed extract with constant stirring and heating. The color of the mixture gradually changed from colorless to yellow to dark brownish after a few minutes from the beginning of the reaction (Fig. 2). The mixture goes through biological reduction, which was determined by UV/Vis spectrophotometer at 300-600nm, this indicates that the reaction has reached its highest peak near wavelength 388nm (Fig. 2, 3), this supports the process of reducing Ag to metallic AgO51, 52. The color gradation is caused by the characteristics of the surface Plasmon layer, which gives definitive evidence for the production of silver nanoparticles which resulted of contain the cumin seed extract active substances such as alcohol and alkenes responsible for covering and reducing nanoparticles. On the other hand, the extract contains high levels of phenol and flavonoids, which enhances the ability of the cumin seed extract to reduce silver to silver oxide. Over time, the absorbance is increased, which indicates a higher concentration of silver nanoparticles formed in the mixture53-55.
Fig. 2: UV-Vis Spectrum for AgNPs synthesis by C. cyminum seed extract
Besides that, the full reduction of Ag+ to AgO from C. cyminum seeds in few hours indicates the fast of this process compared to other plants used as a precursor for AgNPs synthesis56.
Fig. 3: AgNO₃ solution (I), C. cyminum seed extract (II), and reaction mixture (AgNO₃ + seed extract) at 60 °C (III).
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD Examination):
A dry precipitate of silver nanoparticles was used for the XRD test. The diffuse power was determined from angle 10° to 90° at angle 20°. The XRD test peak of manufactured silver particles was determined at angles 38° and 46° which are parallel to (111), (200), (220), and (311), and spreading out of the peak showed a lesser size of particles (Fig.4). XRD data used to confirm the crystalline nature of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. We can see further peaks, which are not recognized. It appears that they can be associated with some contaminants that are found in the plant extract are used or unreduced AgNO₃ molecules57.
Fig. 4: XRD of AgNPs synthesis by C. cyminum seed extract
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR Analysis):
FTIR absorption spectra of the specimens have results are indicated the existence of the plant extract remaining as a reduction mediator in the reaction mix. Moreover, the effectiveness of the cumin seed extract is represented by OH in the composition of alcohols and phenols as an essential part of phytochemical compounds that have been proven at 1635cm−1 as the highest peak. The absorption bands at 1635cm−1 and 1672cm−1 that are compatible with the presence of the C = O sites in the chemical composition of alcohol and phenol, which is likely to cause the primary and secondary reduction of Ag+ to AgNPs. The absorbance peak at 1635cm-1, it indicates to the proteins in the cumin seed extract, which refer to the occurrence of the biosynthesis of the silver nanoparticles. Together, these substances reduce sugars, which are the factors responsible for creating AgO, while ascorbic acid was the agent that organized the shape of these particles.
The reason why silver nanoparticles do not accumulate and remain stable in the reaction mixture is the presence of carbonyl groups in the amino acid residues58. The slight peak at 2926cm-1 as compared to the FTIR spectrum of cumin extract, the presence of NH groups indicated the existence of phenols and proteins that reduce and stabilize silver nanoparticles. (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5: FT-IR of AgNPs synthesis by C. cyminum seed extract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination:
The SEM images finally explained the silver nanoparticles' biosynthesis by the extract of cumin seeds. Nanoparticles tend to be spherical with a scale of 48,7nm (Fig.5).
Fig. 6: FE-SEM of AgNPs synthesis by C. cyminum seed extract with 48.7nm in size and nanorods in shapes
The antioxidant activity of the biosynthesized AgNPs was evaluated by DPPH assay with ascorbic acid as the control. The synthesized AgNPs showed comparable free radical scavenging activity to that of the control. The concentrations of AgNPs that were used (12.5, 25, 50, 100µg/ml), showed significant highest antioxidant activity (70.42% at 100µg/ml), while the AgNPs in concentration (50, 25 and 12.5µg/ml) showed antioxidant activity (54.01, 33.92 and 26.02%) respectively, and the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid in the same concentration are (84.00, 70.60, 34.60 and 21.89%) respectively. The values for IC50 of AgNPs extracted from Cuminum cyminum seed extract were 80.04 while IC50 values for ascorbic acid as control were 36.74 that showed in Table (2) and Fig. (7).
Fig. 7: Free radical scavenging activity of AgNPs synthesis from Cuminum cyminum seed extract compared with ascorbic acid as a positive control
Table 2: Free radical scavenging activity of AgNPs synthesis from Cuminum cyminum seed extract compared with ascorbic acid as a positive control
Test |
Conc. µg/ml |
Mean ± STD |
IC50 |
|
Ascorbic acid |
100 |
84.00±4.005 |
36.74 |
|
50 |
70.60±4.345 |
||
|
25 |
34.60±3.106 |
||
|
12.5 |
21.89±4.484 |
||
|
AgNPs |
100 |
70.42±5.384 |
80.04 |
|
50 |
54.01±4.608 |
||
|
25 |
33.92±1.172 |
||
|
12.5 |
26.02±4.485 |
The AgNPs synthesis from Cuminum cyminum seed extract showed almost the same pattern of ascorbic acid-free radical scavenging activity except at concentrations 100 and 50µg/ml with significant differences (P≤0.05) compared with control. These findings showed that the DPPH free radical scavenging behavior of the AgNPs was dose-dependent.
Furthermore, the quinoid compound formed by oxidation of the phenol group in phenols may be adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles, providing suspension stabilization59. It is well known that phenolic compounds can participate directly in anti-oxidative action with other ingredients60 because the phenols reported have redox properties that enable them to act as a reducing factor, hydrogen donors, and singlet oxygen quenchers61.
Nanoparticles have applications in vascular alteration, particularly endothelial dysfunction associated with oxidative stress. This condition can lead to a reduction in the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), and therefore affects the control of vascular tone and endothelial dysfunction, which is the first stage in cardiovascular disease development. Hence, nanoparticles with antioxidant properties synthesized in the present study may be employed to boost vascular dysfunction related to atherosclerosis, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus62.
CONCLUSION:
AgNPs can be synthesized using C. cyminum seed extract in a clear and eco-friendly way. These nanoparticles can be used as an effective antioxidant. It can also be used in large-scale synthesis and can be used for targeted drug delivery to enhance vascular dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or atherosclerosis.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES:
1. Ahmad, A.; Mukherjee, P.; Senapati, S.; Mandal, D.; Khan, M.I.; Kumar, R. and Sastry, M. Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Colloids Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces, 2003, 28 (4), P: 313–318.
2. Crabtree, J. H.; Burchette, R. J.; Siddiqi, R.A.; Huen, I. T.; Hadnott, L. L. and Fishman, A. The efficacy of silver-ion implanted catheters in reducing peritoneal dialysis-related infections. Perit Dial Int., 2003, 23: 368-74.
3. Chaloupka, K.; Malam, Y. and Seifalian, A.M. Nanosilver as new generation of nanoproduct in biomedical applications trends in Biotechnology. 2010, 28(11), P:580-8.
4. Prow, T.W.; Grice, J.E.; Lin, L.L.; Faye, R.; Butler, M.; Becker, W.; et al. Nanoparticles and microparticles for skin drug delivery.Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2011, 63(6), P:470-91.
5. Kelly, F.M. and Johnston, J.H. Colored and Functional Silver Nanoparticle−Wool Fiber Composites. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2011, 3(4). P:1083-92.
6. Dankovich, T.A. and Gray, D.G. Bactericidal Paper Impregnated with Silver Nanoparticles for Point-of-Use Water Treatment Environmental Science & Technology. 2011, 45(5), P:1992-1998.
7. Niraimathi, K.L.; Sudha, V.; Lavanya, R. and Brindha, P. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Alternanthera sessilis Linn extract and their antimicrobial, antioxidant activities Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2013, 102, P:288-91.
8. Sankar, R.; Karthik, A.; Prabu, A.; Karthik, S.; Shivashangari, K.S. and Ravikumar, V. Origanum vulgare mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles for its antibacterial and anticancer activity Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2013, 108, P:80-4.
9. Jagtap, U.B. and Bapat, V. A Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. seed extract and its antibacterial activity. Industrial Crops Products. 2013, 46, P:132-137.
10. Thukkaram Sudhakar, Balashanmugam P, Jayapal Premkumar, Anisha A, Karthika D, Roshan Sapkota, Sakar Rijal. Antimicrobial activity of Silver Nanoparticles synthesized from Ficus benghalensis against Human Pathogens. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2017; 10(6): 1635-1640.
11. Gayathri Kumararaja, Saneesha P N, Satheesh Kumar S, Shahana Parveen V V, Shaikh Fuzail Abdur Rahim, Shamna K V, Shamna P A, R Sundaraganapathy, R Gayathri. Development and Characterization of Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Aqueous leaves broth of Artemisia vulgaris L., and its Anti-fungal activity. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(10): 4822-4826.
12. S. Bose, H. Shinde, K. Karikalan, P. Lalitha, A. K. A. Mandal. Antibacterial, Antiinflamatory, and Antiproliferative Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Leaf Extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2016; 9(12): 2422-2426.
13. Mukherjee, P.; Roy, M.; Mandal, B.P.; Dey, G.K.; Mukherjee, P.K.; Ghatak, J.; et al. Green synthesis of highly stabilized nanocrystalline silver particles by a non-pathogenic and agriculturally important fungus. Asperellum. Nanotechnology. 2008, 19(7): 075103
14. Biazar, E.; Majdi, Zafari, M.; Avar, M.; Aminifard, S.; Zaeifi, D.; et al. Nanotoxicology and nanoparticle safety in biomedical designs. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2011, 1117.
15. Sastry, M.; Ahmad, A.; Khan, M.I. and Kumar, R. Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using fungi and actinomycete. Curr Sci, 2003, 85(2), P: 162-170.
16. Binupriya, A.R.; Sathishkumar, M. and Yun, S.I. Mycro-crystallization of Silver Ions to Nanosized Particles by Live and Dead Cell Filtrates of Aspergillus oryzae var.viridisand Its Bactericidal Activity toward Staphylococcus aureus KCCM 12256 Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2010, 49, (2). P:852-8.
17. Shankar, S.S.; Rai, A.; Ahmad, A. and Sastry, M. Controlling the Optical Properties of Lemongrass Extract Synthesized Gold Nanotriangles and Potential Application in Infrared Absorbing Optical. Coatings Chemistry of Materials; 2005, 17(3), P:566-72.
18. Shankar, S.S.; Ahmad, A. and Sastry, M. Geranium Leaf Assisted Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. Biotechnology Progress. 2003, 19(6). P:1627-31.
19. Huang, J.; Li, Q.; Sun, D.; Lu, Y.; Su, Y.; Yang, X.; et al. Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel sundried Cinnamomum camphora leaf. Nanotechnology. 2007;18(10), P:105104
20. Elavazhagan, T.; Elavazhagan, T. and Memecylon. edule leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2011, 1265.
21. S. Sathish Kumar, G. Melchias. Characterization of Biologically Synthesised Silver Nanoparticles from Euphorbia hirta. Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2014; Vol. 4: Issue 1, Pg 01-05.
22. GnanaDhas Gnana Jobitha, Green synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle using Elettaria Cardamomom and Assessment of its Antimicrobial Activity”, International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR), ISSN: 2012, Vol 3, P:0975-9492.
23. Praphulla Rao et al. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Lemon Extract and its Antibacterial Activity”, International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, ISSN, 2014, P: 2321-3124.
24. Priti Ranjan, Merina Paul Das, M. and Sathish, Kumar. Green synthesis and Characterization of Silver nanoparticles from Nigella sativa and its application against UTI causing Bacteria” Journal of Academia and Industrial Research, ISSN: 2278-5213, 2013, Volume 2, Issue 1, p: 45-49.
25. Lalitha, A.; et al., Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaf extract Azhadirachta indica and to study its anti-bacterial and antioxidant property”, Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2013, 2(6), P: 228-235.
26. Sharma, G. A. and Sharma, R. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle Using Myristica Fragrans (Nutmeg) Seed Extract And Its Biological Activity”, Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 2014, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014, p: 325 – 332.
27. Seema GargRapid biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using black pepper (Piper nigrum) corn extract”, International Journal of Innovations in Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2012, Vol. 3, P:5-10.
28. Daisy, R. A. E.; Bavyaa, R. R. R. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles using Fenugreek Seed Extract”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, ISSN 2250-3153, 2013, Volume 3, Issue 7, p: 1-3.
29. Akshya Kumar Ojha et alGreen Synthesis of Silver Nan Particles from Syzygium Aromaticum and their Antibacterial Efficacy”, Int. J.A.PS.BMS, ISSN‐2277‐9280, 2012, Volume 1(4), p:335-341.
30. Hamady N.M. and Mohammed A.T. Green synthesis of silver Nanoparticles by using (Rheum) extract and its anti-bacterial activity. J. of University of Anbar for Pure Science, 2016, Vol.10, NO.2, pp. 10-17.
31. Bettaieb Rebey, I.; Kefi, S.; Bourgou, S.; Ouerghemmi, I.; Ksouri, R.; Tounsi, M.S.; et al. Ripening Stage and Extraction Method Effects on Physical Properties, Polyphenol Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Cumin Cuminum cyminum L. Seeds. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 2014, 69(4). P:358-64.
32. Gohari, A.R. and Saeidnia, S. A. Review on Phytochemistry of Cuminum cyminum seeds and its Standards from Field to Market. Pharmacognosy. Journal. 2011, 3(25), P:1-5.
33. Johri, R.K. Cuminum cyminum and Carum carvi: An update Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2011, 5(9), P:63.
34. Pandey, S.; Patel, M.K.; Mishra, A. and Jha, B. In planta Transformed Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Plants, Overexpressing the SbNHX1 Gene Showed Enhanced Salt Endurance. PLOS ONE. 2016, 11(7)e0159349.
35. Mnif S and Aifa S. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) from Traditional and Uses to Potential Biomedical Applications. Chemistry Biodiversity. 2015, 12(5), P: 733-42.
36. Gagandeep; Dhanalakshmi, S.; Mendiz, E.; Rao, A.R. and Kale, R.K. Chemopreventive Effects of Cuminum cyminum in Chemically Induced Forestomach and Uterine Cervix Tumors in Murine Model Systems. Nutrition and Cancer. 2003, 47(2), P:171-80.
37. Sowbhagya, H.B. Chemistry, Technology, and Nutraceutical Functions of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L): An Overview Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2013, 53(1), P: 1-10.
38. Rahul Vikram Singh, Prabhakar Semwal, Taranjeet Kapoor. Medicinal Potential of Six Different Plant Species of Dehradun District, Uttarakhand. Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 4(3): July-Sept. 2014; Page 134-139.
39. Prabhakar Semwal, Taranjeet Kapoor, Rahul Vikram Singh. Comparative Phytochemical Screening of Six Different Plant Species of Uttarakhand Region. Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2014; Vol. 4: Issue 2, Pg 50-52.
40. P. Parvathi, R.V. Geetha. Spices and Oral Health. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 7(2): Feb. 2014; Page 235-237.
41. S. Sundar, K. Padmalatha, G. Helasri, M. Vasanthi, B. Sai Narmada, B. Lekhya, R. Naga Jyothi, T. Sravani. Anti-microbial Activity of Aqueous Extract of Natural Preservatives- Cumin, Cinnamon, Coriander and Mint. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2016; 9(7): 843-847.
42. Iffath Badsha, Valli Nachiyar C. Elucidation of Antibacterial effects of Spices as Drinking Water Additives. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2017; 10(11): 3795-3797.
43. Sanjana Kumar, Rosheni Nair, Samta Gupta, Ahmad Abdullah, Priti Talwar, Palaniyandi Ravanan. Anti-Cancer and Neuro-Protective effect of Cuminum cyminum extracts on IMR32 Human Neuroblastoma Cell Lines. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2018; 11(4): 1547-1552.
44. Tdesco, S.; Blasco, J.; Doyle, H. and Redmond, G. Oxidative Stress and Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles in Mytilus Edulis. J: Aquatic Toxicology, 2010, Vol. (100), P: 178–186.
45. Muhammad Nadeem, Asad Riaz. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) as a potential source of antioxidants”, Pakistan Journal of Food Sciences, 2012, Volume 22, Issue 2, P: 101-107.
46. Desai, R. Size Distribution of Silver Nanoparticles: UV-Visible Spectroscopic Assessment”, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters, 2012, Vol. 4, P:30–34.
47. Stuart, B. “Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Application, Analytical Techniques in the Sciences”, Wiley Publications.
48. Dutrow, B.L. “X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD)”, Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis.
49. Sadhasivam, S.; Shanmugam, P.; Veerapandian, M.; Subbiah, R. and Yun, K. Biogenic synthesis of multidimensional gold nanoparticles assisted by Streptomyces hygroscopicus and its electrochemical and antibacterial properties. Biometals, 2012, Vol. 25(2), p:351-60.
50. Kumar, N.; Mueen, A.; Dang, R. and Husain, A. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of propolis from Tamil Nadu zone. J. Med. Plants Res. 2008, 2.P: 361-364.
51. Shankar, S.S.; Ra, I A.; Ahmad, A. and Sastry, M. Rapid synthesis of Au, Ag, and bimetallic Au core–Ag shell nanoparticles using neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf broth. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science; 2004, 275(2), P: 496-502.
52. Egorova, E.M. and Revina, A.A. Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles in reverse micelles in the presence of quercetin. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects; 2000, 168(1).P:87-96.
53. Nadagouda, M.N.; Hoag, G.; Collins, J. and Varma, R.S. Green Synthesis of Au Nanostructures at Room Temperature Using Biodegradable Plant Surfactants. Crystal Growth & Design. 2009, 9,(11),P:4979-4983.
54. Sharma, V.K.; Yngard, R.A. and Lin, Y. Silver nanoparticles: Green synthesis and their antimicrobial activities. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2009, 145(1-2),P:83-96.
55. Chopade, B.; Ghosh, Patil, Ahire, Kitture, Jabgunde, et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Dioscorea bulbifera tuber extract and evaluation of its synergistic potential in combination with antimicrobial agents. International Journal of Nanomedicine. Volume: 2012, 7, P: 483—496.
56. Nabikhan A, Kandasamy K, Raj A, Alikunhi NM. Synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles by callus and leaf extracts from saltmarsh plant, Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2010, 79(2), P:488-93.
57. Mehrdad Forough and Khalil Farhadi. Biological and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles", Paper presented at the 6th Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Conference (NanoTRVI), Izmir, Turkey. 2010.
58. Roya Karamian, Jamalaldin Kamalnejad. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cuminum cyminum Leaf Extract and Evaluation of Their Biological Activities. J. Nanostruct 2019, 9(1), P: 74-85.
59. Wang, W.; Chen, Q.; Jiang, C.; Yang, D.; Liu, X.and Xu, S. One-step synthesis of biocompatible gold nanoparticles using gallic acid in the presence of poly-(Nvinyl-pyrrolidone). Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2007, 301,P:73-9.
60. Awika, J.M..; Rooney, L.W.; Wu, X.; Prior, R.L. and Zevallos, L.C. Screening methods to measure antioxidant activity of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sorghum products. J Agric Food Chem.; 2003, 51, P:6657-6662.
61. Chang, S.T.; Wu, J.H.; Wang. S.Y.; Kang, P.L.; Yang, N.S.and Shyur, LF. Antioxidant activity of extracts from Acacia confusa bark and heartwood. J Agric Food Chem. 2001, 49, P:3420-4.
62. Mauricio, M.D.; Guerra-Ojeda, S. and Marchio, P. Nanoparticles in medicine: A focus on vascular oxidative stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2018, 20.
Received on 10.09.2020 Modified on 03.10.2020
Accepted on 24.10.2020 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2021; 14(8):4349-4354.
DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00755